{"id":368,"date":"2016-05-23T21:13:49","date_gmt":"2016-05-23T21:13:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/?page_id=368"},"modified":"2024-11-19T16:26:17","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T16:26:17","slug":"armenians","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/ethnic-groups\/armenians\/","title":{"rendered":"Armenians"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467304562374{margin-top: -40px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Armenians were prominent among the many immigrant workers at the Hood Rubber Company in Watertown, Massachusetts. <\/em><em>Courtesy of the Watertown Free Public Library.<\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text]<style>.vcex-heading.vcex_69fa1695357f1{font-size:36px;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl vc_custom_1467304633717 vcex_69fa1695357f1\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">Armenians<\/span><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1732033548249{margin-top: -20px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]During the nineteenth century, Armenians were scattered across the eastern mountains and plateaus of Anatolia (presentday Turkey). Some had also migrated westward to cities such as Constantinople (Istanbul), Smyrna (Izmir), and Adana. Under Ottoman rulers who regarded them as infidels, Christian Armenians were subject to segregation and oppression that would intensify toward the end of the century.<\/p>\n<p>Contact with the West grew during this period as American Protestant missionaries began opening schools across Anatolia. At the behest of the Americans, a handful of Armenians began arriving in Massachusetts to be trained as clergy at Andover Theological Seminary. Others came as domestic servants for Massachusetts missionaries in the 1860s and 1870s. Before long, they found better-paying work in local industries and began spreading the word to friends and family back home. The largest number of migrants came from the Kharpert Plain, where missionary activity was intense and agricultural and artisanal industries were failing.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-524\" style=\"width: 546px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-524\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NAJARIAN_Anahid_33-82ORDorian-1024x765.jpg\" alt=\"Kharpert in Western Armenia, the homeland of many Armenians in Massachusetts, ca. 1915. Project SAVE Armenian Photograph Archives, Watertown, MA.\" width=\"546\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NAJARIAN_Anahid_33-82ORDorian-1024x765.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NAJARIAN_Anahid_33-82ORDorian-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NAJARIAN_Anahid_33-82ORDorian-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Kharpert in Western Armenia, the homeland of many Armenians in Massachusetts, ca. 1915. Project SAVE Armenian Photograph Archives, Watertown, MA.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This migration surged in the 1890s following the widespread massacres of Armenians led by Sultan Abdul Hamid. Hostilities continued in the twentieth century, as the Turks levied steep taxes on agricultural produce and forcibly conscripted Armenians into the Ottoman army. Another round of violence occurred in 1909, when the Turks drove thousands of Armenians from their homes in Adana, killing them or forcing them into exile.<\/p>\n<p>But the most horrific violence occurred during World War I when the Ottomans charged the Armenians with treason and slaughtered an estimated 1.5 million people. Most historians agree that the mass violence of 1915-1916 against the Armenian people constituted genocide. It also left tens of thousands of widowed and orphaned refugees who later fled to the United States, the Middle East, and Western Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Armenian immigration to the US dropped off with the restriction measures of the 1920s, but a smaller number of refugees arrived after World War II under the Displaced Persons Act. With the start of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, ethnic Armenians living in Lebanon fled that country, sending a new wave of migrants to the Boston area.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Patterns of Settlement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Following trails blazed by the earlier missionary-led migration, the Boston area became a major center of Armenian settlement. Along with immigrants from Syria, Greece, and China, Armenians initially settled in the South Cove neighborhood then known as \u201cthe Orient of Boston\u201d (now Chinatown). During the late 1890s, an Armenian businessman named Moses Gulesian helped to resettle hundreds of refugees from the massacres, housing them in his cornice factory in the South End. Smaller settlements of Armenian workers also sprung up around industries in East Cambridge, Lynn and Chelsea.<\/p>\n<p>The most important destination, however, was Watertown, where the new Hood Rubber factory opened its doors in 1896. Coinciding with the exodus of Armenians from the 1890s massacres, a direct pipeline developed between the Armenian provinces and east Watertown. In the years following the genocide, thousands more arrived. By 1930, there were more than 3500 Armenians living in Watertown\u2014nearly ten percent of the population. In subsequent years, the town would become a major center of Armenian culture and heritage, even as later generations dispersed to surrounding suburbs.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_523\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-523\" style=\"width: 498px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-523\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/AIRASIAN_John_-2-11ORDorian-1024x798.jpg\" alt=\"Armenian women workers at M.S. Kondazian Coat Factory, Boston, 1912. Project SAVE Armenian Photograph Archives, Watertown, MA.\" width=\"498\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/AIRASIAN_John_-2-11ORDorian-1024x798.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/AIRASIAN_John_-2-11ORDorian-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/AIRASIAN_John_-2-11ORDorian-768x598.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-523\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Armenian women workers at M.S. Kondazian Coat Factory, Boston, 1912. Project SAVE Armenian Photograph Archives, Watertown, MA.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Workforce Participation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Prior to 1910, most Armenian immigrants were men who had worked in skilled trades as well as farming and day labor. They had one of the highest literacy rates of any migrant group, with nearly three-quarters able to read in their own language. Nevertheless, in Massachusetts, they took up mostly unskilled and semi-skilled jobs in the shoemaking, textile, rubber and metal industries. In the wake of the massacres and the mass violence of World War I, more Armenian laborers and peasants arrived as well as a growing number of widows with children. Women would thus become a vital part of the workforce at Hood Rubber and other boot, shoe, and garment manufacturers in the Boston area.<\/p>\n<p>From the beginning, Armenians also became entrepreneurs who ran coffeehouses and boarding houses for their countrymen. By the mid-twentieth century, many had left factory work to open tailor shops, groceries, and shoe repair businesses. In greater Boston, Armenian entrepreneurs have been especially prevalent in the rug business and in studio photography. Since World War II, Armenians arriving from the Middle East, Europe and Soviet Armenia have included both educated professionals as well as blue-collar workers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources and Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Beach, Greg.\u00a0<em>The World and Watertown: Tales of an American Hometown.\u00a0<\/em>CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.<\/p>\n<p>Davis, William. \u201cThe Armenians of Watertown,\u201d\u00a0<em>Boston Globe<\/em>, November 26, 1978.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><em>Destination Watertown<\/em>. 2010. DVD. Directed by Roger Hagopian. Watertown, MA: Amaras Art Alliange.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Mirak, Robert. <em>Torn Between Two Lands: Armenians in America, 1890 to World War I<\/em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69fa169536744 .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1657816653047 vcex_69fa169536744\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20 responsive-video-wrap\"><span class=\"wpex-responsive-media\"><iframe title=\"DESTINATION WATERTOWN SHORT CLIP ONLY\" width=\"980\" height=\"735\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GGjdbibWaG8?feature=oembed\"  allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/span><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GGjdbibWaG8&#038;feature=emb_logo\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Armenians at Hood Rubber<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p>View a clip from the film, <em>Destination Watertown<\/em> (2010), recounting\u00a0the early twentieth century Armenian migration\u00a0to Watertown, Massachusetts and its massive Hood Rubber complex. For more on this film, see this <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.boston.com\/news\/local\/articles\/2010\/04\/01\/watertowns_hood_rubber_co_served_as_hub_for_armenians_documentary_shows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Boston Globe profile<\/a> or contact filmmaker Roger Hagopian at\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:rogerhagop@aol.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rogerhagop@aol.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69fa16953774d .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1657816667929 vcex_69fa16953774d\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/ethnic-groups\/armenians\/they-called-me-mustafa\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\"><img width=\"982\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/PILIBOSIAN_K_6-87NGOR.jpg\" class=\"wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"A photograph of seven people standing and sitting together. There are four young children, two of whom are sitting on their parents laps.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/PILIBOSIAN_K_6-87NGOR.jpg 982w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/PILIBOSIAN_K_6-87NGOR-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/PILIBOSIAN_K_6-87NGOR-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 982px) 100vw, 982px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/ethnic-groups\/armenians\/they-called-me-mustafa\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\">\"They Called Me Mustafa\"<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p>In his moving memoir, Khachadoor Pilibosian describes his experience as an 11-year-old boy in the Armenian genocide. Kidnapped\u00a0by a Kurdish\u00a0family and kept\u00a0as a virtual slave, he later\u00a0escaped and emigrated to Massachusetts.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_btn title=&#8221;Return to Ethnic Groups&#8221; style=&#8221;3d&#8221; color=&#8221;inverse&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; link=&#8221;url:http%3A%2F%2Fglobalboston.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fhome%2Fethnic-groups%2F||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467304562374{margin-top: -40px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;] Armenians were prominent among the many immigrant workers at the Hood Rubber Company in Watertown, Massachusetts. Courtesy of the Watertown Free Public Library. [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1732033548249{margin-top: -20px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]During the nineteenth century, Armenians were scattered&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":582,"parent":151,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-368","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Armenians - Global Boston<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/ethnic-groups\/armenians\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Armenians - Global Boston\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467304562374{margin-top: -40px !important;border-top-width: 0px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;] Armenians were prominent among the many immigrant workers at the Hood Rubber Company in Watertown, Massachusetts. 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