{"id":25,"date":"2016-04-15T16:11:52","date_gmt":"2016-04-15T16:11:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/?page_id=25"},"modified":"2026-04-02T18:04:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T18:04:41","slug":"restriction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/restriction\/","title":{"rendered":"Restriction Era, 1924-1965"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467216298285{margin-top: -45px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 15px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>The East Boston Immigration Station, an immigration processing and detention center that\u00a0was in operation from 1920 to the early 1950s. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library.<\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text]<style>.vcex-heading.vcex_69dfdc5231785{font-size:36px;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl vc_custom_1463773594008 vcex_69dfdc5231785\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">Restriction Era, 1921-1965<\/span><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1524527009139{padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]Record levels of immigration in the early twentieth century sparked a rising backlash against immigrants in the years before World War I. The newly revitalized Ku Klux Klan railed against immigrant Catholics and Jews, while elite groups like the Immigration Restriction League, headquartered in Boston, lobbied for federal legislation to curb immigration. Congress responded in 1917 with legislation requiring a literacy test for immigrants and creating an \u201cAsiatic Barred Zone,\u201d effectively outlawing nearly all immigration from Asia.<\/p>\n<p>Even broader restrictions were enacted under the National Origins Act of 1924, which dramatically cut immigration levels through a new discriminatory quota system. Basing per-country quotas on the ancestry makeup of the US population, the new system favored older immigrant groups from England, Ireland, and Germany while tightly restricting visas for newer groups from southern and eastern Europe. Together, these new measures reduced the number of immigrants entering the country from more than 800,000 in 1921 to less than 150,000 by the end of the decade. In Boston, the foreign-born share of the city\u2019s population shrank from 30 percent in 1930 to only 13 percent in 1970.<\/p>\n<p>Declining immigration in the 1920s coincided with slowing economic growth in Massachusetts as some large textile manufacturers began relocating to the South. But it was the Great Depression that sent the Boston area into a deep and prolonged crisis as dozens of textile, shoe, garment, and other manufacturing industries collapsed. Immigrant workers faced staggering job losses and business failures; by 1934 roughly a quarter of the state\u2019s workers were unemployed.<\/p>\n<p>World War II revived Boston\u2019s economy, at least temporarily. Federal defense contracts for shipbuilding, munitions, and other military goods got many factories humming again, employing thousands of immigrants and their children. After the war, special provisions to admit war brides and Jewish refugees from the Holocaust fueled a small uptick in immigration. With the onset of the Cold War, those fleeing Communism in Eastern Europe, China, and Cuba were also welcomed as refugees. Overall, however, Boston\u2019s foreign-born population and labor force continued to age and decline. Native-born black southerners and Puerto Ricans who migrated to the city during these years helped pick up the slack at local manufacturing plants.<\/p>\n<p>Immigrants arriving in\u00a0the restriction era continued to cluster in many of the same ethnic neighborhoods, but they\u2014and especially their children\u2014experienced widespread upward mobility in the postwar period. For white immigrants and ethnics, US government-backed education and home loan programs under the GI bill offered new paths to white collar careers and homeownership in the burgeoning suburbs. Some families from China and the West Indies also saw economic gains in the postwar period, but persistent racial discrimination and segregation kept many confined to existing racial\/ethnic enclaves. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/fourth-page-test\/\">(Continue reading on the Global Era, 1965-Present)<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1660072425888{border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;}&#8221;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69dfdc5233035 .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1660072473323 vcex_69dfdc5233035\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/test-page-3\/from-romanov-to-dorchester-by-way-of-havana\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img width=\"4869\" height=\"3133\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cormans-1940-crop.jpg\" class=\"wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"A man and a woman stand in front of a car on a residential street in Dorchester. The man has his hand around the woman&#039;s shoulder.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cormans-1940-crop.jpg 4869w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cormans-1940-crop-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cormans-1940-crop-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cormans-1940-crop-1024x659.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4869px) 100vw, 4869px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/test-page-3\/from-romanov-to-dorchester-by-way-of-havana\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternate Routes<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p>Despite immigration restriction, some families\u00a0managed to come to\u00a0the US during the mid-twentieth century\u00a0by entering via other\u00a0countries. One such family was\u00a0the\u00a0Cormans of Dorchester, Russian Jews who discovered a back door into the US.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69dfdc5233a5d .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1660072455374 vcex_69dfdc5233a5d\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/test-page-2\/east-boston-immigration-station\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\"><img width=\"864\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/EBIS-map.jpg\" class=\"wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/EBIS-map.jpg 864w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/EBIS-map-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/EBIS-map-768x544.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"http:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/test-page-2\/east-boston-immigration-station\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\">East Boston Immigration Station<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p>A focal point of immigration processing and detention during the restriction era, the East Boston Immigration Station was demolished in 2011. Learn more about its history in this 2010 report by the Boston Landmarks Commission.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69dfdc5235f56 .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1775153049453 vcex_69dfdc5235f56\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/nativism-and-racism\/gloucesters-sicilian-fishermen\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\"><img width=\"810\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Jennie-Lucia.jpg\" class=\"wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"Fishing boat sailing with several crew members on board.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Jennie-Lucia.jpg 810w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Jennie-Lucia-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Jennie-Lucia-768x560.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Jennie-Lucia-200x146.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/nativism-and-racism\/gloucesters-sicilian-fishermen\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\">Branded as \"Enemy Aliens\": Gloucester's Sicilian Fishermen<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p>During World War II, Sicilian fishermen in Gloucester were branded as \u201cenemy aliens,\u201d losing their boats, livelihoods, and many of their rights. Maria Millefoglie tells the stories of her two grandfathers, providing a cautionary tale about the return of the Alien Enemies Act in the Trump era.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;]<style>.vcex-teaser.vcex_69dfdc5236856 .vcex-teaser-heading{color:#494949;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-teaser wpex-flex wpex-flex-col vc_custom_1660072487423 vcex_69dfdc5236856\"><div class=\"vcex-teaser-media wpex-mb-20\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.warbrideproject.com\/chance-meetings-in-japan\/with-jfks-help\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img width=\"543\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-01-03-at-6.42.30-PM.png\" class=\"wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-01-03-at-6.42.30-PM.png 543w, https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-01-03-at-6.42.30-PM-300x263.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-teaser-content\"><h2 class=\"vcex-teaser-heading wpex-heading wpex-text-lg wpex-child-inherit-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.warbrideproject.com\/chance-meetings-in-japan\/with-jfks-help\/\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">War Brides Come to Boston<\/a><\/h2><div class=\"vcex-teaser-text wpex-mt-10 wpex-last-mb-0 wpex-clr\"><p class=\"p1\">A young GI from East Boston, Angelo Amato, met his future wife, Kimiko Yamaguchi, during his tour of duty in US-occupied Japan in 1947. But bringing her to the US was not easy; only with the help of John F. Kennedy was the couple able to reunite in Boston.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_btn title=&#8221;Back to Eras of Migration&#8221; style=&#8221;3d&#8221; color=&#8221;inverse&#8221; size=&#8221;lg&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; link=&#8221;url:http%3A%2F%2Fglobalboston.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fhome%2Feras-of-migration%2F||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467216298285{margin-top: -45px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 15px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;] The East Boston Immigration Station, an immigration processing and detention center that\u00a0was in operation from 1920 to the early 1950s. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library. [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1524527009139{padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]Record levels of immigration in&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":540,"parent":56,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Restriction Era, 1924-1965 - Global Boston<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/restriction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Restriction Era, 1924-1965 - Global Boston\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1467216298285{margin-top: -45px !important;border-bottom-width: 10px !important;padding-top: 15px !important;padding-bottom: 15px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;] The East Boston Immigration Station, an immigration processing and detention center that\u00a0was in operation from 1920 to the early 1950s. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library. [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1524527009139{padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}&#8221;]Record levels of immigration in&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/restriction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Global Boston\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/GlobalBostonHistory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-02T18:04:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/06_01_002239-crop.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1399\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"615\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@johnsohi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/restriction\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalboston.bc.edu\/index.php\/home\/eras-of-migration\/restriction\/\",\"name\":\"Restriction Era, 1924-1965 - 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